全混合颗粒料中添加不同类型蛋氨酸对湖羊生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究在湖羊全混合颗粒料中添加不同类型蛋氨酸(蛋氨酸钙盐与蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯)对湖羊生长性能及血清生化指标、抗氧化指标和激素含量的影响。选取体重为(19.99±2.04) kg的健康湖羊72只,随机分为3组:对照组、试验Ⅰ组(在基础饲粮中添加1.5 kg/t蛋氨酸钙盐)和试验Ⅱ组(在基础饲粮中添加1.5 kg/t蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯),每组6个重复,每个重复4只(公母各占1/2)。预试期7 d,正试期80 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组总增重、平均日增重均有上升的趋势,其中试验Ⅰ组总增重提高了12.8%(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组总增重提高了3.1%(P>0.05);料重比方面,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组均有下降的趋势,其中试验Ⅰ组下降了12.2%(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组下降了3.6%(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅱ组血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、总蛋白(TP)含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P <0.05)。3)血清抗氧化指标及激素含量各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,全混合颗粒料中添加蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯及蛋氨酸钙盐具有提高肉羊生长速度、降低料重比的趋势,同时影响部分血清生化指标,但对血清抗氧化指标及激素含量无显著影响。     

Optimizing the Proportions of Plant Protein Ingredients in the Diet of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of different proportions of dietary plant ingredients on the growth of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was set for this trial with three ratios of cottonseed meal (CSM) and canola meal (CM) (2:1, 1:1, or 1:2) and three proportions of soybean meal (SBM) (2, 1, or 0). The results showed that the specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio both significantly decreased with decreasing amounts of SBM in the diets of blunt snout bream (P < 0.05), while the feed efficiency ratio and feed intake increased significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the growth performance and feed utilization were shown to improve with increasing amounts of CSM, although the effects were not significant (P > 0.05). The interaction of these two factors had no effect on either growth or feed utilization (P > 0.05). Diet composition was not seen to affect body composition (P > 0.05). The ratio of CSM to CM significantly affected gut amylase activity, liver alanine aminotransferase content, and plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). The interaction between the two main effects significantly influenced the plasma glucose level (P < 0.05). Therefore, the suitable proportion of plant feed for blunt snout bream should include high levels of SBM and CSM, with a SBM : CSM : CM ratio of 2:2:1.     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术同时测定大蒜中10种农药残留

建立了快速、准确测定大蒜中10种农药多残留的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测技术。样品经酸化乙腈提取,无水硫酸镁(500 mg)除水后,用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA,500 mg)和十八烷基键合硅胶(C₁₈,500 mg)净化,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,Waters C₁₈色谱柱分离,采用正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。10种农药的检出限在0.020~0.800 μg·kg^-1,定量限在0.067~2.670 μg·kg^-1。线性范围内相关系数均大于0.99。加标回收率在73.4%~109.0%,相对标准偏差在1.2%~9.8%。结果表明,该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好,可同时测定大蒜中10种农药。     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

Replacement of Fishmeal by a Mixture of Soybean Meal and Chlorella Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mixture of soybean meal and Chlorella meal (SCM) as a dietary fishmeal (FM) substitute on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), digestive enzymatic activities, and histology of juvenile crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 0 (SCM0), 25 (SCM25), 50 (SCM50), 75 (SCM75), and 100% (SCM100) of protein from FM with SCM, respectively. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile crucian carp for 6 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, and intestinal digestive enzymatic activities (amylase, trypsin, and lipase) tended to decline with increasing FM replacement levels (P > 0.05). Dietary SCM substitution significantly influenced dry matter content in muscle, and crude protein and lipid contents in liver (P < 0.05). ADCs for dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, and most amino acids showed no significant differences between the control and SCM25 group, but tended to decline with replacement levels over 25%. Higher SCM substitution (50–100%) caused karyopyknosis and necrosis in liver, but intestinal histology did not show noticeable pathological changes. The present study indicated that FM could be replaced by 25% of SCM, without significant adverse growth performance, feed utilization, and histology of crucian carp.     

不同自然通风方式对日光温室性能的影响

为探究不同自然通风方式下日光温室室内环境因子的变化规律,提高日光温室自然通风效率,设计2种不同自然通风方式:后坡整体开窗式和后坡间隔开窗式。将分别采用后坡整体开窗式和后坡间隔开窗式通风方式的温室,依次记为G1、G2,并以传统顶通风式日光温室(G3)为对照,对上述3座采用不同自然通风方式的温室内部环境和作物生长状况进行了研究。结果表明:晴天白天,G1、G2的室内光照强度分别比G3提高了26.34%和10.16%,G1、G2、G3平均气温分别为33.7、33.8、34.8℃,平均相对湿度分别为47.15%、47.21%、44.03%,风速折减率分别为0.80、0.74、0.90;晴天13:00,G1、G2的植物冠层气温分布呈现南高北低,而G3的呈南低北高分布。G1、G2内的番茄产量分别比G3提高了19.54%、6.90%。综上,后坡整体开窗式表现最优。     

粉碎机异形筛片气流场数值模拟及试验研究

针对传统环筛式锤片饲料粉碎机存在气固环流层影响粉碎机性能的问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟、粉碎性能试验相结合的方法,对粉碎机安装异形筛片时粉碎室内物料颗粒受到的气力作用和内部流场运动规律进行研究。分析粉碎机使用异形筛片对粉碎性能的影响。优化后的异形筛片分别命名为B_1(小圆弧半径R_1=51mm)、B_2(R_1=83mm)、B_3(R_1=93mm),利用流体动力学软件对粉碎室安装3种异形筛片的气流场进行数值模拟,获得粉碎室气流场分布信息。在相同工况下,对装有3种异形筛片的CPS-420型粉碎机进行粉碎性能试验,分析不同筛片对物料粉碎效果的影响。模拟结果表明:粉碎机采用间隔分段圆弧筛片后,粉碎室环流区域产生不同强度的涡旋,能够改变物料环流运动规律,提高物料过筛能力;锤片组扫过区域的气流呈现出较为杂乱无序的分布状态,有利于形成湍流运动,从而增加物料颗粒受打击几率。粉碎性能试验结果表明:锤片饲料粉碎机安装B_3筛片的粉碎机生产效率,较B2、B1筛片分别提高8.1%、16.0%,吨料耗电量分别降低10.5%、15.0%,温升分别降低0.6和0.1℃。优化后的3种异形筛片,能够提高粉碎机的生产效率,降低电能的损耗、改善物料温升,对提高锤片饲料粉碎机性能具有积极意义。     

农业经理人压力与合作社绩效关系的实证研究

引入农业经理人对于改善农民合作社的治理结构、提高组织人力资本存量、提升合作绩效有重要作用。然而,合作社复杂的决策程序、成员的小散化和日益激烈的竞争环境也可能让经理人面临巨大压力。为研究农业经理人压力对合作社绩效的影响关系,利用四川省207位合作社农业经理人的实地调查数据,采用结构方程模型的方法,从挑战性压力和阻碍性压力2个维度进行实证研究。结果表明:以工作负荷、职业发展为代表的挑战性压力的标准化路径系数值分别为0.204、0.259,对合作社绩效有显著的正向影响;以角色冲突为代表的阻碍性压力的标准化路径系数值为-0.276,对合作社绩效有显著的负向影响。不同的压力维度呈现不同的绩效属性,工作负荷、职业发展等挑战性压力有助于合作社的绩效的提升,而角色冲突等阻碍性压力则会降低合作社的绩效。因此,从合作社内部制度、外部环境和经理人自身3个方面提出缓解农业经理人压力并改善合作社绩效的建议。     

超高效液相色谱—串联质谱法检测鸡血液样品中喹诺酮类药物残留

旨在建立鸡血液样品中多种喹诺酮类药物残留的超高效液相色谱—串联质谱方法。样品经乙腈提取,经Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱分离,以甲醇和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子（ESI⁺）模式电离,MRM扫描模式检测。经方法学验证,该方法的线性关系、回收率、精密度均符合要求。应用超高效液相色谱—串联质谱法建立了鸡血液样品中多种喹诺酮类药物同时检测的方法,实现了动物血液样品中12种喹诺酮类药物同时定性、定量分析。